Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Essays - 1185 Words

Describe:- (i) how induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are isolated (ii) how iPSCs can be used to study human development (iii) how iPSCs can be used to model human disease and to develop therapies for degenerative disease i) iPSCs are adult stem cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to behave like the pluripotent stem cells found in embryos, i.e. can differentiate into any cell type in the human body. This was first completed successfully in mice in 2006 by Shinya Yamanaka and his team (Takahashi et al., 2006), then in humans in 2007 both by Yamanaka (Takahashi et al., 2007), and by James Thomson and his team in America independently (Yu, et al., 2007). Yamanaka and Thomson’s methods were similar. In the report by Yu et†¦show more content†¦964-965). ii) Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cells isolated from blastocysts, and are highly useful in studying human development (Itzkovitz-Eldor et al., 2000 p. 88). Although the National Institute of Health states that â€Å"it is not known if iPSCs and embryonic stem cells differ in clinically significant ways†, iPSCs are already being used to achieve the same results as ESCs in some applications without the use of embryos, removing the ethical concern associated with ESCs (National Institutes of Health, 2009). ESCs are capable of differentiating into all cell types, and can be used as a source of differentiated cells. In the report by Itskovitz-Eldor et al., they discuss the induced differentiation of ESCs in suspension into embryoid bodies, including the three embryonic germ layers. The authors state that â€Å"the ability to induce formation of human embryoid bodies that contain cells of neuronal, hematopoietic and cardiac origins will be useful in studying ea rly human embryonic development† (Itzkovitz-Eldor et al., 2000 p. 88). This is invaluable in terms of studying the early stages of human foetal development. As iPSCs are better understood, and the methods of generating them are refined, they have the potential to play an increasingly integral role in our study of human development, in place of ESCs. In the report by Itzkovitz-Eldor et al. it is noted that the abilityShow MoreRelatedProgress in the Reasearch on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 528 Words   |  3 Pagesstudy in stem cell research. They reprogrammed mouse skin fibroblasts by introduction of four transcription factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc and generated cells almost indistinguishable from ES cells. They named these cells induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) (Takahashi K., et al., 2006). An year later, James A. Thomson et al. replaced Oct4 and oncogenic c-Myc with Lin28 and Nanog decreasing the risk of cancer formation (Yu J., et al., 2007). We need to take into consideration that cell typesRead MoreAnalysis Of Adipose Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells4532 Words   |  19 PagesAnalysis of adipose derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC’s) microRNA (miRNA) expression profile over multiple passages and pancreatic ÃŽ ²-cell miRNA expression profile post differentiation from iPSC’s. Simplified title Improvement of stem cell differentiation to pancreatic ÃŽ ²-cell for transplantation into diabetics. 2) Project summary Ethical concerns regarding the use of embryo-derived embryonic stem cells (ES), and the immune response elicited by differentiated ES cells, are being circumventedRead MoreCan Skin Dermal Papilla (DP) Cells Differentiate into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells?578 Words   |  3 Pages(DP) cells can differentiate into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by using the transcription factor, OCT4, instead of using all four transcription factor, OCT4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, which are usually used to differentiate somatic cells into stem cells. The scientists came up with the question because two out of the four transcription factors, Klf4 and c-Myc, are oncogenic gene, thereby it is best to replace these genes with other safer alternatives. Reprogramming cells into induced pluripotentRead MoreInduced Pluripotent Stem Cells Essay1759 Words   |  8 Pages Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Methods of Production, Characterization and Applications to Medicine Student’s Name University Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Methods of Production, Characterization and Applications to Medicine Introduction By definition, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are somatic cells with preprogrammed features (Kamath et al. 2017). In essence, they are often modified to mimic embryonic stem cells through the expression of ectopic factors linked to geneRead MoreInduced Pluripotent Stem Cells And The Maintenance Of Neural Crest Stem Cell1331 Words   |  6 Pages Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells—Derived Neural Crest Stem Cells and the maintenance of Neural crest stem cell multipotency Stem cells are unspecialized cells, which have the potential to develop into several different cell types—muscle cells, brain cells, skin cells, or red blood cells—during early development. Stem cells continuously divide in order to replace other cells. As stem cells divide, they have the potential to develop into a specialized cell or remain a stem cell. Induced pluripotentRead MoreDescribe How Mature Somatic Cells Can Be Reprogrammed to Become Pluripotent991 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology, it is possible to reprogram matured somatic cells in pluripotent cells by introducing factors that can induce cell in situ reprogramming. (1) This technique is highly useful in medicine, including acting as a model for drug and clinical testing, development of drugs. Pluripotent stem cells are the stem cells that can only differentiate into a limited range of differentiated cells. (2) They have the ability to give rise to all somatic cells from ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, as well as gametesRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research1324 Words   |  6 Pageslike this. He knows that stem cells could help cure him from his misery, so he has been fighting and fighting for stem cell research to be fully funded in America. Stem cells are cells that have the skill to change into any type of cell in the human body (Lewis). These cells could be put anywhere ill in the body to make it healthy again. Imagine all of the people with chronicle diseases and cancer being able to have hope for being happy and healthy again. Also, these stem cells can fix damaged organsRead MoreBiotechnology: A Tool of Body Manipulation Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesSum, 2013. In the public performance the artist donated her skin cells for transformation through iPSC technology into induced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs). Challenging the existing ethical dilemma around embryonic cell research, she allowed her adult cells to be then transformed into blood, brain and heart cells. As the creation of her second self outside once body, the artist exhibited the living cells then in the gallery space exercising the non-fixed and non-givenRead MoreStem Cell Research : Ethics, Cloning And Curing The Disease1220 Words   |  5 PagesOutline Stem Cell Research - Ethics, Cloning and Curing the Disease Introduction According to former Speaker of the House, John Boehner, †Stem cell research must be carried out in an ethical manner in a way that respects the sanctity of human life.† In recent events, stem cell research has caught the attention of the nation and stirred up controversy about the research and ethics along with it. Ethically, stem cell research has caught more attention than the research behind it. Stem cell researchRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research1710 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell Research Embryonic stem cells, according to the National Institute of Health, are cells obtained from embryos that are prepared from fertilized eggs which have been collected through the in vitro technique; in specialized clinics. Scientists use the stem cell research to have a better idea about the evolution, aging, and disease. Thus, they keep track of the stem cells progress across the lifetime; this tracking process can help scientists to figure out the genetic mutations

IT Risk Management in Victorian Government-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the IT Risk Management and Security in Victorian Government. Answer: Introduction The application of applying principles of risk management in an IT organization that provides management for the risks and security associated with the IT field is the process called the IT risk management process. It is combination of culture system and processes that has been undertaken by the organizations that identifies and coordinates management of risk. This risk management to achieve the objectives they aim and to prevent the harm should spread awareness and evidence that explains the need of risk management for the further decision making process in the organizations (Chance Brooks 2015). The methodology of risk management should identify and characterize the threats, determine the general impact of the risk, identify the way to reduce the risks and hence prioritize the risk reduction based on the planned strategy in IT sectors. The risks are managed in the sectors of ownership, involvement, adoption, influence and the use of IT in a larger enterprise. The several numbers o f standards provides general guidance on the practice of risk management. There are much benefits of using intrusion detection system, firewalls and vulnerability scanner to reduce the risk and can be used by common people very easily. In this report we are going to discuss the current security risks and concerns in VIC government using a diagram. Further explaining the areas of risk exposure in the organization and analyzing the accidental threats. Justifying the threats and ranking accordingly focusing on the importance. Explaining and analyzing the security guideline of the private and public organization. Moreover discussing about the challenges faced by the by the VIC government during risk management as well as evaluating the available approach of VIC government for risk control and mitigation with relatable examples. Hence, critically analyzing approaches for mitigating security risks and evaluating the risks management in terms of vulnerabilities targeted by hackers. Identifying the security risks and concerns in VIC government Risk is basically the effect of uncertainty over the objectives. But there is a prior difference between risks and uncertainty (will be discussing later in this report). The risk management process hence implies: 1. The analysis, assessment, identification and prioritizing the risk for the achievement of the organizational objectives, 2. Allocating the resources to monitor, communicate, minimize and control risk impact that minimizes the realization of opportunities, 3. Coordinating to the activities (Chance Brooks 2015). The VIC government deals with several processes as mentioned above. The platform the government mainly concerns about are: Archives and Record management Ethical Decision making Information Risk Management Security Management Safety Response Using the Social Media Here we are going to discuss about the Risk Management in the Victorian Government and its impact on the private and public sector of the country (Daly, Cooper Ma 2014). Figure 1: VGPB strategic overview plan 2016-2021 (Source: By the Author) The current security risk in the Victorian Government is mainly the transport operators. This area can be seriously affected by the security risks. Normal level of services can be more cost effective and quicker if the organization prepares and anticipate for the risks (Davies, 2014). The VIC government has worked on this transport sector and produced a Security Risk Assessment Guide, which explains methodology for the small to large transportation operator and the security risk assessment that focuses on the current practices. Identifying areas of Risk Exposure The Victorian Government Purchasing Board (VGPB) was found under the Finance Management Act (FMA) 1994 (Dollard Gordon, 2014). The Victorian Protective Data Security Framework was established under the Privacy and Data Protection Act in 2014 that provides data security obligations to the agencies of Victorian public sector (Glendon, Clarke McKenna, 2016). It builds the security risk management maturity as well as capabilities by using the principles and guidelines that already exists; this reflects the unique operating requirements of the sector. The Victorian government developed the Victorian Protective Data Security Framework (VPDSF) to monitor, establish and assure the security of information within the boundaries of Victorian government. The current security risks and concerns of the VIC government are: to determine the ownership and identify information assess the value of information identifying and managing the data security risks applying needed security measures creating positive security culture maturing the capability of protective data security Across four protective security domains and governance, VPDSF provides the organization data security protection. The Victorian government takes care of the national interest, it remains mandatory for the Protective Security Policy Framework requirements (Hopkin, 2017). On the basis of the above diagram we can note that there are five major levels of VGPB strategy: Vision: This provides leadership of goods and services that delivers value-for-money in government procurement outcomes for Victorian government (Howes et al., 2015). Mission: This level ensures the government the ability to minimize risks and develop the procurement capabilities and enables the accessibility to these procurement opportunities for all business. This also delivers the value-for-money and fit-for opportunity. This policy framework changed the tactics of Victorian Government procure services and goods after being introduced by VGPB: 1. Enhanced and embed VGPB supply policy, 2. Implementation and development of a procurement capability strategy across process, people as well as system, 3. Engaging with suppliers and the market such that to improve business with the public sector of Victorian government, 4. Enlarging the impact of VGPBs on the Victorian public sector procurement, and 5. Measuring the importance and benefits of the framework of VGPB procurement. Directives: This section manages the Value-of-money, Accountability, Probity and Scalability of the framework. The Assurance model aims to enhance the maturity of the protective data security practice of an organization and ensures the protection of information against security breaches. There is a difference between Risk analysis and Risk Exposure. The areas of risk exposure can be part of any and every activity (Jaeger et al., 2013). Risk Exposure provides a measure to the upcoming possibility of losses that may occurs form an activity or event. In IT business risk exposure often use ranks like low, medium-low, medium and high risk exposure depending on the different kind of losses either it is acceptable or unacceptable. This may include legal liability, damaged or loss of property, employees unexpected turnover or in the change in demand of the customers (Kaine et al., 2017). In the Figure 1, the area of higher risk exposure is the Accountability since the accountancy part is risky and can be data breaches by penetrating the security system. The area of low-medium risk is the value of money (Lam, 2014). The third position for medium risk is the scalability and the lowest is the probity since it deals with the public sector. Analysis of Deliberate and Accidental Threats An example of a common threat in VIC: Threats to damage and destroy property- A person can be determined as a threat for another person on not having lawful excuse (Lane et al., 2017) To damage and destroy a property that may belong to himself or any third person To damage and destroy ones own property in complete sense of knowing or believing that the property can endanger the life of others. Threats to kill- A person can be determined as a threat for another person who threatens to kill the other person The other person is intended to fear the threat and hence would be carried out forward Being reckless about the persons intension of fearing the threat can be carried out further The current security risk in the Victorian Government is mainly the transport operators. This area can be seriously affected by the security risks (Liu et al., 2016). Normal level of services can be more cost effective and quicker if the organization prepares and anticipate for the risks. The VIC government has worked on this transport sector and produced a Security Risk Assessment Guide, which explains methodology for the small to large transportation operator and the security risk assessment that focuses on the current practices (McNeil, Frey Embrechts, 2015). The methodology of risk management should identify and characterize the threats, determine the general impact of the risk, identify the way to reduce the risks and hence prioritize the risk reduction based on the planned strategy in IT sectors. On the case study of NSW Government Disaster Recovery, the risks are managed in the sectors of ownership, involvement, adoption, influence and the use of IT in a larger enterprise. Th e several numbers of standards provides general guidance on the practice of risk management. There are much benefits of using intrusion detection system, firewalls and vulnerability scanner to reduce the risk and can be used by common people very easily. Challenges in VIC government The main challenges are faced by the public sector in the VIC government (Nicholson et al., 2015). Hence there are several principle based on which the VIC government should carry forward the risk management via outsourcing: Risk Management Applying technique Importance 1. Creating and protecting the value Mainly incorporated in governance framework Part of organizational culture should be considered Improvement of performance Achievement of the objective 2. Integral part of the agency planning and management process Maintaining the strategic and business planning Part of change management process Avoids delicacy Guides the prioritization Classifies responsibilities 3. Part of Decision making Explicitly incorporated into system design, changes and projects resources allocation Part of staff recruitment and employment arrangement Assist prioritize actions Distinguished alternative course of actions 4. Transparency and Inclusive Scope and methods should be identified for risk monitoring and reporting stakeholders Role of stakeholders within the process of risk management Promotes the line of sight and risk appetite Vulnerabilities identification 5. Tailoring the risk framework is designed and operated to fit with the agencys capabilities and context adequate resources are allocated aligns with agencys external and internal context and risk profile 6. Continual facility improvement risk management system is incorporated in continual improvement systems stakeholder feedback is sought to influence the ongoing development of the risk framework improves agency risk maturity addresses stakeholder expectations to protect community interests Difference between Risk and Uncertainty The main difference between the risk and uncertainty is that risk is an unplanned event and occurrence of risk may affect of the objectives in management (Paschen Beilin, 2017). It may either affect the project positively or negatively hence risk can both be a positive risk as well as a negative risk. The main objective is to minimize the negative strategy impact of risks and to maximize the positive risk responseis the chances of happening positive risks. Risks have been identified during the risk identifying process (Potts, Rajabifard Bennett, 2017). The Unknown risks are those risks which cannot be identified during the risk identification processes. Lack of certainty is known as the uncertainty. The outcome of any event is said to be completely unknown in uncertainty, and it cannot be guessed or measured thus we dont get any background information on certain event. In uncertainty, one completely lacks the information of the event even though it has been identified earlier (Slovic, 2016). In case of such unknown risks, although having the information background, people simply ignores it during the identify risks process. The following are a few differences between risk and uncertainty: The possibility of future outcome cannot be predicted while being in uncertainty Uncertainty is uncontrollable but risk can still be managed Uncertainty cannot be measures and quantified while risk can be One can assign the probability of risk events but with uncertainty one cannot In the considered case study of VIC government the risk and uncertainty are governance and the sector of market approach respectively. Evaluating the availability of VIC government for Risk Control and Mitigation The VIC government has principles of risk management that controls the risk and mitigation of the country IT sector. Cresting and protecting the values Integral part must be created of the agency procession Is the part of the decision making processes Explicitly addresses the uncertainty A systematic, structures and timely maintained operation Based on the best available information Created and developed by the agency Takes the cultural and human factor in account The transparency and inclusiveness Is iterative, dynamic and accessible to the changes Continual improvement facilitates the agency This provides protection against data breaches and cyber crimes occurrence. The application of an integrated risk management information system is quite important for the approach to safety (Sweeting, 2017). The risk exposures in potential business are a measurement against the risk that involves significant priorities. The concept of risk management is to determine the agencys possible risk appetite and the medium of communication, the implementation of agencys risk management framework and its allocation as well as the roles and responsibilities for managing the individual risk. For enhancing the performance of the risk management and decision making of the VIC government the agency applies the following approaches: The continual improvement of risk management techniques and the enhancement of the organizational production Risks, controls and risk treatments on full accountability Risk management application in every decision making process, independent of the level of significance and importance (Warmerdam et al., 2017) Having stakeholders consultation and continual communication risk management of full integration in the agencys governance structure Conclusion An effective management of risk gives rise to some significant improvement in operational profitability and operational effectiveness. An approach to risk management is required in each sector of industry for the better security management and safety process in the near future. This provides protection against data breaches and cyber crimes occurrence. The application of an integrated risk management information system is quite important for the approach to safety. The risk exposures in potential business are a measurement against the risk that involves significant priorities. The concept of risk management is to determine the agencys possible risk appetite and the medium of communication, the implementation of agencys risk management framework and its allocation as well as the roles and responsibilities for managing the individual risk. The approach of effective risk management for corporate and business planning process enables better decision making, establish clear accountability , improves the performances and the outcomes and build confidence in the new opportunity that considers the risk approach. The Victorian Protective Data Security Standards (VPDSS) developed high level mandatory requirements such that to secure the public sector data and to provide the governance across the domains like ICT, physical security, personnel and information. The standard as discussed is durable and hence takes the risk management approach empowering the government business to function safety, security and effectiveness. It also encourages the decision making of the organization and proritiz4e the security effort. A risk management approach requires your organization to ensure information is always adequately protected, by continually assessing security measures against any new or updated threats and vulnerabilities. The adoption of a risk-based approach consistent with the Victorian Government Risk Management Framework (VGRMF) is the fundamental principle of the VPDSF. A flexible approach to implementation of security measures provides your organization with the autonomy to interpret your business needs and articulate your risk tolerance within your operating environment. References Chance, D. M., Brooks, R. (2015).Introduction to derivatives and risk management. Cengage Learning. Daly, D., Cooper, P., Ma, Z. (2014). Understanding the risks and uncertainties introduced by common assumptions in energy simulations for Australian commercial buildings.Energy and Buildings,75, 382-393. Davies, J. C. (2014).Comparing environmental risks: tools for setting government priorities. Routledge. Dollard, M. F., Gordon, J. A. (2014).Evaluation of a participatory risk management work stress intervention(Vol. 21, No. 1, p. 27). Educational Publishing Foundation. Glendon, A. I., Clarke, S., McKenna, E. (2016).Human safety and risk management. Crc Press. Goode, N., Salmon, P. M., Spencer, C., McArdle, D., Archer, F. (2017). Defining disaster resilience: comparisons from key stakeholders involved in emergency management in Victoria, Australia.Disasters,41(1), 171-193. Hopkin, P. (2017).Fundamentals of risk management: understanding, evaluating and implementing effective risk management. Kogan Page Publishers. Howes, M., Tangney, P., Reis, K., Grant-Smith, D., Heazle, M., Bosomworth, K., Burton, P. (2015). Towards networked governance: improving interagency communication and collaboration for disaster risk management and climate change adaptation in Australia.Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,58(5), 757-776. Jaeger, C. C., Webler, T., Rosa, E. A., Renn, O. (2013).Risk, uncertainty and rational action. Routledge. Kaine, G., Young, J., Lourey, R., Greenhalgh, S. (2017). Policy choice framework: guiding policy makers in changing farmer behavior.Ecology and Society,22(2). Lam, J. (2014).Enterprise risk management: from incentives to controls. John Wiley Sons. Lane, R., Bettini, Y., McCallum, T., Head, B. W. (2017). The interaction of risk allocation and governance arrangements in innovative urban stormwater and recycling projects.Landscape and Urban Planning,164, 37-48. Liu, L. C., Li, Q., Zhang, J. T., Cao, D. (2016). Toward a framework of environmental risk management for CO2 geological storage in China: gaps and suggestions for future regulations.Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change,21(2), 191-207. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Nicholson, E., Regan, T. J., Auld, T. D., Burns, E. L., Chisholm, L. A., English, V., ... Metcalfe, D. J. (2015). Towards consistency, rigour and compatibility of risk assessments for ecosystems and ecological communities.Austral Ecology,40(4), 347-363. Paschen, J. A., Beilin, R. (2017). How a risk focus in emergency management can restrict community resiliencea case study from Victoria, Australia.International Journal of Wildland Fire,26(1), 1-9. Potts, K. E., Rajabifard, A., Bennett, R. M. (2017). Supporting the risk management process with land information: a case study of Australia.Disasters,41(2), 352-364. Slovic, P. (2016).The perception of risk. Routledge. Sweeting, P. (2017).Financial enterprise risk management. Cambridge University Press. Warmerdam, A., Newnam, S., Sheppard, D., Griffin, M., Stevenson, M. (2017). Workplace road safety risk management: an investigation into Australian practices.Accident Analysis Prevention,98, 64-73.

Macbeth And Power Essays - English-language Films,

Macbeth And Power The struggle for power and control in Shakespear's Macbeth is evident from the beginning as Macbeth strives to be crowned by chance and Lady Macbeth prefers a slightly quicker more violent approach. Macbeth begins the play with no power but with a small amount of the control, hence Lady Macbeth had the power and most of the control. As they silently battle for control over their household and their future Macbeth kills in order for them to advance in social standing. It was Lady Macbeth's desire for control over her husband that set him on his course of destruction and murder. Shakespeare portrays Lady Macbeth as a ruthless, overpowering woman who dominates her husband and his actions. Lady Macbeth makes Macbeth's do what she determines to be best for him by lowering his self-esteem so that he must do what she requests in order for him to gain his self-respect back. She says such things as, "When you durst do it, then you [will be] a man" (1.7.49). It is Lady Macbeth who comes up with the plan to kill Duncan, because she knows that Macbeth would never commit such an act on his own without her pushing him to because Macbeth's nature "is too full o' the milk of human kindness / To catch the nearest way" (1.5.15,16). She develops the plan and organizes the details while expecting Macbeth to merely follow her orders. This becomes evident when she says to him, "You shall put / This night's great business into my dispatch"(1.5.66,67) and "Leave all the rest to me"(1.5.72). She intends to keep him under her control by making decisions for him and not allowing him to think for himself. When Macbeth becomes indecisive about her plan to kill Duncan, she labels him a coward when she says, "Art thou afeard / To be the same in thine own act and valour / As thou art in desire" (1.7.39,41). Macbeth defends himself by explaining that he is doing all that can be expected of a man and if he does more then no man shall he be, she claims that no ?real' man would back down and refuse to follow through with an act he had agreed to. After all if she had sworn, as Macbeth has to killing Duncan, she would, "While [her baby] was smiling in [her] face, / Have pluck'd [her] nipple from his boneless gums, / And dash'd [it's] brains out" (1.7.54-9). This shows more of her evil side and also labels her as more of a man then Macbeth is. This along with other harshly spoken words finally convinces Macbeth to kill Duncan and so his killing spree begins. Once Macbeth follows through with his wife's plan to murder the king he is filled immediately with guilt, unlike his wife who says, "A little water clears us of this deed" (2.2.67). After his first murder Macbeth begins to feel a sense of empowerment in his own life and he starts to take charge of his own actions. The first evidence of this is when Macbeth kills Duncan's groomsmen without Lady Macbeth's permission or consent. Upon discovering her husbands unplanned murders Lady Macbeth is so shocked that she faints. Macbeth no longer needs Lady Macbeth to make his decisions for him, he has gained the power and control, but because she made him kill Duncan he can now kill more readily than he could have without her. This is evident as he plans the murder of Banquo and Fleance and hires the murderers himself without feeling any guilt or consulting his wife at all. In fact, Lady Macbeth urges him to forget what has happened in the past and move on. She says to him, "What's done is done"(3.2.12), "You must leave this"(3.2.35). Macbeth, however, with his new sense of control, refuses to submit to her command. He goes on with his plans to kill Banquo and later decides to kill Macduff's family in the following lines; The very firstlings of my heart shall be The firstlings of my hand. And even now, To crown my thoughts with acts, be it thought and done; The castle of Macduff I will surprise; Seize upon Fife; give to the edge of the sword His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls That trace him in his line.(4.1.147,153) Macbeth is able to not only kill men of his own size but also women and small children, which shows how far he has come since Lady Macbeth's ?little' push to kill

Accordion crimes essays

Accordion crimes essays Racism and segregation among different races took place since the beginning of time, Accordion Crimes by E. Annie Proulx explores a similar situation of new immigrants coming to America seeking for a better life also known as the American dream but soon realize what its all about. The story spreads over about 100 years. The life that immigrants were living was very difficult. Racism and discrimination was part of every day life, it can be pretty similar to what Muslims have to go through since the catastrophe of September 11, 2001 that changed the world for ever. When new coming Italians arrived to United-States, they were all seen as part of some mafia, generalization was punishing those that had nothing to do with it like the Muslims today. What can be done to stop hatred between races? The easy answer is education, but thats not the only solution. In order to recreate the world of new immigrants coming to America Proulx didnt use traditional narrative style but instead tried to use fragmentation style by not giving full complete stories which didnt link to one another except of the accordion which was passed from family to family. By the traveling of the accordion we can see what went on in different houses (families) since he was part of them for a moment. We have a feeling of violence in each story; in almost every story the ending finishes in a violent way; when Felix gets killed by a Japanese bomb, broken necks, car accidents and heart attacks. What those examples shows is that usually in poor environments the violence is more present then in rich and high educated neighborhoods. This is a proven fact, so when the television shows the camps of Bin Laden, lets not be fooled the reason is that those people a raised like that from a very young age to hate America or United states. Thats when education plays a central role. By not being well educated, their information is controlled ...

See the topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

See the topic - Assignment Example She finds it difficult to find her identity in gender as she had female instincts with a male body. She narrates her family’s history and the beginning of her gene mutation that was aimed at transforming her DNA in order to fully exist in the female gender. In order to solve her gender confusion problem, she introduces her body to unique genetic make-up. On realizing Dr. Luce’s plan, Calliope runs away and changes her identity to Cal who is a boy. Cal relocates to San Francisco where he finds a job in a club that eventually gets raided by the police and he ends up being arrested for being an underage worker. Cal’s family comes to collect him in jail so as to attend his grandfather’s burial. This is where he finds out that his grandparents were siblings which resulted to his genital crisis but promises the grandmother to keep the secret till after her grandmother’s death. People with improper genetalia structure experience difficulties in the labour market as a result of their transsexual in gender. Many of these people are born with a gender type different from their mental perception of themselves (Nanda 114). They tend to change their gender to suit their mental comfort at a later stage in life. This forces them to change their original identity to suit their ultimate gender type. They are forced to change their names in all their legal documents which is a long process thus affecting their potential in the labour market as the transformation process (Agustà ­n 167). Slaughter uses the phrase ‘having it all’ in reference to Calliope’s gender confusion. The phrase summarizes the life of Calliope in both the male and female gender forms. This is portrayed in the first chapter of the novel Middle sex when Calliope begins her life story by saying, â€Å"I was born twice, first as a girl in 1960 and then again as a teenage boy† (Eugenides 3). Calliope Stephanides had improper genes which made her

Urban economy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Urban economy - Assignment Example The buildings are taller to make use of space and accommodate the main businesses that give the city its developmental characteristic. Gas price determines the construction rate of city structures, a high price less development and vice versa (Florida & Mellander, 2014). Rising incomes have a direct proportionality effect on cities because the development will be focused to assist the well-being of the income earners. Land prices take long because of the economic speculation that is linked to profitability of the land. Sprawl is considered a market where decision makers have direct impact to the spatial growth of the city. Consumer locational equilibrium is the ability for the consumer to embed owns preference over distance distribution cost when choosing to consume a product. Compensation differential is a state offered wage to offset the balance between a preferred and un-preferred job. Terminal cost is the cost incurred when disposing the asset (Florida & Mellander, 2014). Externality damage is unwanted cost to the least expected party. Scale economy is the advantages that in terms of cost cutting that establishment stand to gain due to magnitude of

Relationship Between Strategic Communication and Ethics

Relationship Between Strategic Communication and Ethics Discuss the role of strategic communication in relation to Ethics In the industry of public relations, understanding the ethical aspects of the profession has now become increasingly important. Just like any other professional industries such as journalism and psychology, public relations and ethics need to work hand in hand in order for the practice to be given a better name. As public relations have a bright future ahead due to the growing global economy, the professions’ most profitable days may still exist on the horizon. But public relations practitioners must know that in order to capitalize upon this growth, the hinge may lie on the ability for the industry to silence the critics of it being an unethical profession. However, due to the public’s negative perception of public relations, many people are saying that public relations and ethics are an oxymoron. In this essay, we will try to understand why there is a negative discourse of PR being an unethical profession and how we can change that perception. We will also analyse the importance of education in regards to public relations ethics. Before we proceed with the in depth discourse of Public relations ethics, we need to first define the meaning of public relations and ethics. According to Gunig and Hunt (1984), they wrote that ‘public relation is the management of communication between an organisation and its publics’. Harlow (1988) defined public relations in a more elementary level. He mentioned that Public relation is ‘a management function which deals with the relations between two or more organisations or public.’ There are many other scholars and practitioners that have produced their own definition of public relations but it is basically a communication process which uses different strategies to ultimately build beneficial relationships with publics or organisations. These obligations of serving the publics’ interest have caused heated debates amongst many practitioners and scholars over its fundamental values of public relations. It has also become a highly controversial indu stry as many people have negative stigmas towards public relations. It is obvious that for a long time there exists a negative perception of PR. It is not entirely a surprise that the general public has this negative stigma about public relations. BrautoviĆ¡ and Brkan (2009) said that ‘PR professionals have become manipulators of public mind rather than conveyers of truth.’ That is why the term public relations ethics is often understood as an oxymoron. There will be stories about PR making it to the media which are invariably the negative ones. Media outlets know that nice fluffy stories like successful charity work or meaningful campaigns don’t sell. But can we entirely blame the media for the bad reputation public relation has on the public? The tarnished reputation of public relations is often due to situations where PR was used to camouflage some serious problems, not to mention something that is today called spin. But what exactly is spin in the context of public relations? Spin can be classified as propaganda, where the ultimate goal is to persuade public opinion to be in favor or against a certain organization or public figure (Safire, 1994). Due to this term spin, publics often perceive the profession to be manipulative and unethical. According to Miller Dinan (2008), they mentioned that people believe the profession is about â€Å"spinning† stories in order to enhance the image of an organization at the expense of many others. One such case was the BP oil spill which happened in 2010 which falls under the category of spin. With regards to strategic communication, the oil company kept downplaying and deflecting the severity of the incident. BP (British Petroleum) underestimated the size of the spill and therefore tried to divert the attention of the oil spill as the â€Å"Gulf of Mexico oil spill.† The company’s attempt to sidestep the health and economic issues were s een as artificial and unethical. Case studies like these that are popularised by the media represent the problems that arise when public relations strategies are deceptive. Timothy Commbs, who teaches Public Relations at Eastern Illinois University said, â€Å"Wherever the fault lies, BP shouldnt be splitting hairs. Companies should take the fall and work out recriminations behind closed doors† (Beam, 2010). This goes to demonstrate why ethical public relations strategies are necessary to accomplishing the goals of an organisation. Though challenges still remain in the practice of public relations, there is also forward ethical progress. Much of this comes in the form of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). World Business Council for Sustainable Development’s (2008) defines CSR as â€Å"the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large†. It basically means that an organisation doing CSR will have also ethical and societal responsibilities that go beyond their economic responsibilities. CSR is also seen as a way of behaving, which draws on ethics. But most importantly, there are many public relation bodies all over the world which provides similar codes of practice/ethics for public relation practitioners to follow and abide to. It articulates the value these bodies places on honesty, integrity, loyalty, advocacy, fairness etcetera. As public relations becomes more evident in the 21st century, two reports from the Commission on Public Relations Education, A Port of Entry (1999) and The Professional Bond (2006), insisted on the need for public relations ethics education at a university level. Public relation scholars Shen and Toth (2008) reiterated that there aren’t enough university level courses offering the study of public relations ethics. They also wrote that public relations education needs to integrate the study of ethics into existing PR electives in order for students to become more viable and attain a comprehensive public relations education. However, Juditb A. Kolb, together with other prominent scholars and wrote that public relations ethics courses are not only limited but it is also expanding to more university classrooms (Kolb, Lin, Frisque, 2005). Nowadays there are many university schools which offer the study of public relation ethics. Schools like the University of Virginia in the United States, where students will need to complete a module called ‘Public Relations, Ethics and Law’. The unit explores the ethical issues that arise in the practice of public relations and the ethical standards that govern the practice. In Peth, Australia, Murdoch University also offers the study of Public Relations Ethics in a module called Campaign Management. It is understandable for practitioners and scholars agreeing that the study of public relations ethics is crucial for students to have as a public relations curriculum but students themselves needs to know the importance too. As The Professional Bond state, â€Å"While public relations professional education perhaps cannot make students ethical, either professionally or personally, such education can define and teach professional ethics as It can provide a body of knowledge about the process of ethical decision-making that can help students not only to recognize ethical dilemmas, but to use appropriate critical thinking skills to help resolve these dilemmas in a way that results in an ethical outcome.† Kate Fitch, a Senior lecturer at Murdoch University, did a study on how students perceives ethics in public relations education and practice. Participants of a focus group study done by her acknowledged that public relations ethics was a grey area; â€Å"The line is very blurry but the uni is doing a good job to try and show us that PR isn’t all about that† (Fitch, 2013). The study also found out that students see ethics in public relations as being responsible to themselves, client or employer. In this study, students were critical of the Code of Ethics provided by bodies such as the PRIA as it only emphasise on issues such as reputation and risk manager rather than practices that are socially responsible. To conclude, the industry of public relations has indeed left many people with a sour taste in their mouths. We found out that PR is often perceived by the public as unethical, as practitioners often use the term ‘spin’ whereby he or she may not give a truthful interpretation of events which would ultimately lead to the lack of trust in the PR practitioner. With practitioners’ lack of trust it leads to the lack of trust of the organization and leads directly to the loss of reputation. That is why public relations ethics is paramount. Although professional skills are important in this industry, it needs to be ethical. What it basically means is that PR professionals need to do the right thing. Referring to international PR bodies for their codes of conduct is the first step when in doubt. We will also need to provide more emphasis for education and approved courses as to ensure that students will be trained on ethics and ethical decision making in practice of publi c relations in the real world. Word count: 1472 Grunig, J.E., Hunt, T. (1984) Managing Public Relations. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace http://195.130.87.21:8080/dspace/bitstream/123456789/904/1/Ethics%20in%20Public%20Relations.pdf file:///C:/Users/Joel%20St%20Pierre/Downloads/MA6_11_Helena_Brautovic_i_Dragana_Brkan.pdf http://thornelyhill.co.uk/dirty-words-the-ba-reputation-of-public-relations/ William Safire, The Spinner Spun, New York Times, December 22, 1996. World Business Council for Sustainable Development. (2008). Definition. [Online] Available: http://www.wbcsd.org/templates/TemplateWBCSD5/layout.asp?type=pMenuId=MTE0OQ. http://www.prsa.org/Intelligence/PRJournal/Documents/2014SilvermanGowerNekmat.pdf http://www.academia.edu/6415032/Public_relations_student_perceptions_of_ethics